Ep. 895 Vine & Prejudice Chapter 6 I Everybody Needs A Bit Of Scienza

Welcome to the Italian wine podcast. This episode is brought to you by Vinitally international wine and spirits exhibition. The fifty fourth edition of Vinitally was held from ten to the thirteenth of April. If you missed it, don't worry. Go to Vineethly plus dot com for on demand recordings of all the sessions from the exhibition. And remember to save the date, the next edition of Vineethly will be held from the second to the fifth of April two thousand and twenty three. Welcome to professoria Tioshenza's newest book translated and narrated by Richard Huff. This latest publication is part of the mama jumbo shrimp series. Entitled, mama jumbo shrimp guide to Vine and Prejudice, fake science and the search for the perfect grape. This is a great way to get a sneak peek at the book before it hits the shelves, so listen in and let the geeky knowledge seep into your ears because we all need a little bit of Shenza. Chapter six, the paleontology of the vine. Returning to the past to understand the present. For the British naturalist Alfred Wallace, an important prerequisite for determining the region of origin of species with the availability of fossils from the tertiary period. Such evidence highlights the changes that have occurred on the surface of the earth. The Janice fetus possesses this requisite as evidenced by the extensive's paleontological evidence of prevenifera leaf implants found in Northern Europe. They are considered sufficiently evolved in an adaptive sense With well studied taxonomic relationships, the origin of the vine and its biological evolution are singularly linked to two dramatic events in the history of the earth. Mass extinctions, and separation of the continents. The so called mass extinctions were catastrophic events that led to significant losses of plant and animal diversity. At least five major mass extinctions are known to have occurred. Those involving the vine, at least indirectly, occurred in the Permium triassic about two hundred and fifty million years ago. And the cretaceous paryosine about sixty million years ago. The third extinction can be attributed to a series of massive volcanic eruptions that cause the dramatic change in the earth's climatic conditions with an increase in carbon dioxide and ozone concentration. The fifth extinction, which saw the disappearance of the dinosaurs occurred in the cretaceous and was caused by the impact of a huge meteorite on the Yucatan Peninsula. The dust that arose from the impact obscured the sun preventing the photosynthesis of plants and leading to a devastating famine for the dinosaur population. Tectonic movement during the createtius triggered the phenomenon of continental drift from the fracturing of pangaea, the giant supercontinent, which began two hundred million years ago, two great land masses, Laresia and Godwana were formed as well as the great mountain ranges of the Alps, the Andes, and the Perrenees. The first effect of the separation of the continents was to interrupt the integrity of the Ramalis, an order of plants to which the British family belonged, the evolutionary paths of the genre were subsequently separated and they had to adapt to the climatic characteristics of the newly formed environments in which they found themselves, creating new taxa. North America was not separated from Greenland. On the threshold of the tertiary or the Chezanoikira in the ocean about fifty to sixty million years ago, the climate in Europe was almost tropical with coral reefs. Flora and fauna comparable to the warmest areas of the earth and the current era. In this climatic phase, the Witeshay, were represented above all by the thesis from which the genus fetus has differentiated. The climatic conditions gradually became hotter and drier, pushing the vine northwards, where their increased humidity encouraged the formation of vast forests, which were more favorable to the vine because they offered structural support to the tendrils allowing the plant to climb. The fossil remains of vines in the form of the leaf of Vites cesanesis found in the Marl of Champagne and in the clays of Salizia are considered the most ancient belonging to the Yushin strata of the early tertiary. These findings in the regions of Northern Europe Testify to the origin of Janice fetus from a more ancient taxon. In the middle of the genozoic about thirty five million years ago, the changing ocean currents whose courses were modified by the separation of the continent caused the climate to cool down. As a result, the flora took on different characteristics with the development of deciduous trees, indicators of a seasonal variation. By the end of this era, The features of the tropical climate had disappeared, fossil remains testify to the presence in Greenland to various forms of VITis, or species will leave similar to those of the western line and the VITis of Alaska. In the deposits of the Larame formation in northeastern Colorado, and in the lignite mines of Central Europe, fossil leaves identified as belonging to Janice Fritus have also been found. The imprints of the vine leaves are reminiscent of Vites Reparia. The fossil remains are numerous, exceeding three hundred sites. Indicative are defines in Europe of remains of leaves and grape. Belonging to the genus Vitives and also to more ancient and now extinct genre, findings made in Armenia dating back to the Eocene show the simultaneous presence of remains of various extinct and non extinct species. From the place to seen ancient remains of Vitezylvesteris appear in sites of central and Northern Europe testifying to the expansion of the species to the north in the last warm interglacial period. In central Italy and southern France, the remains are more precocious dating back to the pliocene and are found in the Deluvial tufts and travertines along fig and laurel leaves. The great genetic variety of the past was decimated by the quaternary glaciations, which gradually pushed the only surviving species, VITis Fenifera, to the southernmost locations. A certain persistence of Vites Finifera has also been proven in the interglacial periods with a greater number of instances in the Caucasian basin and in the mountains of Asia. Due to the shorter duration of the cold phases and the elevated position of the refuge sites, which are found over two thousand meters above sea level. The leaf prints of these VTech can be considered a transition between the American and the European Asian type of Vitez vinifera. In particular, the secondary ribs and the shape of the lamina show a clear resemblance to those of fossilized and living American vines. Such as Vitez Reparia and Vitez Cortifolia. Vitez Browny discovered in Germany, who's remained state back to the early Miocene, has leaves very similar to Vitez Labruzka. This is an important clue of genetic continuity within the Venus Janice and that you have seen before the two continents were separated by the bering strait. The wild farms of Viteswini Farah and Europe are therefore relics of the flora of the tertiary and have been saved, if you can say so, from the destruction wrought by the ice, by the birds interested in their berries during the interglacios, guaranteeing continuity of the genetic flow by moving to different latitudes. The coexistence in Europe of the types of leaves belonging to the North American and Eurasian species. Is maintained throughout the pliocene only to disappear at the beginning of the quaternary, in which only traces of Vitez vinifera are found. The origin and particular nature of these finds are an expression of the climatic characteristics of the quaternary, the phases of expansion and retreat of the ice, and the consequent lowering and raising of the sea level beginning eighteen thousand years ago, sea levels have risen by about one hundred and twenty meters. This process has dramatically affected the climate, the evolution and migration of flora fauna and human species. It has been the reference level for construction of the current landscape morphology and for the delimitation of the current continental boundaries previously connected, but now separated by extended waterways. Such as the Beringa, which became known as the Bering Street. Some recent finds of leaves and fossil clusters in LaSenia, in the Val Dalpone in Northern Italy have reignited interest In the territory, in relation to the origin of the vine, in the mid eighteen hundreds, fossil remains, leaves with berries, of a genus with an uncertain taxonomic location, were found in the limestone of the tertiary with many morphological similarities to the vine cultivated today. Together with the imprint of the leaf, a fruiting flower cluster was also found. In the form of a stem to which some berries were attached. The cluster belonged to a genus that had disappeared during the quaternary glaciations. This palaeontological evidence, together with the remains of tropical plants such as figs, eucalyptus and coconuts. Confirm the existence of a tropical climate. Also noteworthy is the discovery of the Belham Knight rostrum, the bullet shaped tail of an extinct order of squid like moroesk. Such fossils are commonly found in the champagne moroes and have a notable stratigraphic significance for the cretaceous. These remains, however, are very different from both those of Northern Europe and those from Central Italy. And, seriously, are similar to the morphology of the ancestral clusters that is of the cesars from temperate regions such as North America. Unlike the cluster of the current vita cesars, which usually have a more or less elongated shape. The cesars have roundish clusters as the length of the second and third axis of the main stems are very similar to each other and therefore give the cluster a globular shape. Furthermore, the axis of the flower bungees are much more elongated than those of a cluster of genus fetus. These remains could perhaps represent a link between the seizures and the fetus in a geological phase between the paleocene and the eosin. About sixty five to fifty five million years ago. During which the continents were still connected, but had just begun the process of distancing, which would lead in the tertiary era to the current continental layout. This would have allowed the coexistence in Europe of American and Eurasian types that remain throughout the palaeocene, favored by the exchange of plant and animal forms between Europe and North America, thanks to the presence of a Miocene continent in the area currently occupied by the northern portion of the Atlantic to confirm the common origin of American and European vines, recent research on the phylogeny of the genus fetus, applying the bayesian clock dating methodology with fossil calibration on nuclear and plastic DNA sequences. Proposes the center of origin for the genus in the new world. This would suggest that the species migrated to Eurasia about forty million years ago declared that contains most of both wild and cultivated Vritish vinifera features some North American species. It is hypothesized that the land bridges of the North Atlantic were the most plausible route for migration from North America to Eurasia thus overturning the hypothesis previously for mainly acute that saw the spread of the genus fetus in the opposite direction with the end of the last glaciation the emergence of a climate similar to the current one with four distinct seasons. The genus fetus was a continuum between not Europe and America, and only the climatic changes that occurred five point five to one point five million years ago caused the fragmentation of populations by creating their genetic isolation. In fact, fossil remains of grapevines in Poland, Denmark and the United Kingdom testify to the existence of grapevines in the quaternary period in Northern Europe during periods presumably characterized by mild winters and high summer temperatures. In the final phases of the tertiary era, the earth cooled cyclically. And during the last glaciations, in particular, the ries glaciation and the worm glaciation, almost all the northern species of vine disappeared. In Europe, only one species remained. Vitez vinifera, while in North America and East Asia, the glacial survivors were more numerous. The earliest vines similar to the European vine that we know today emerged in the pliocene. And during the glacial pulsations, the area of origin was fragmented into two glacial refugia, one Mediterranean and the other caucasian. During the quaternary glaciations, European vine populations were probably isolated in southern refugia in the Iberian peninsula in Italy and in the caucus. The distribution of these populations and the modern biogeographic evidence confirmed by the DNA analysis of the chloroplasts suggest a subsequent re colonization during the last plesiostin enter Glacios or in the Hallosin. Thanks for listening to this episode of the Italian wine podcast, brought to you by Vineethally international wine and spirits exhibition, The biggest drinks trade fair in the world. Save the date. The next edition of Vineet Lee will be held the second through the fifth of April two thousand and twenty three. Remember to subscribe to Italian wine podcast and catch us on SoundCloud, Spotify, and wherever you get your pods. You can also find us at Italian wine podcast dot com. Hi, guys. I'm Joy Livingston, and I am the producer of the Italian wine podcast. Thank you for listening. We are the only wine podcast that has been doing a daily show since the pandemic began. This is a labor of love and we are committed to bringing you free content every day. Of course, this takes time and effort not to mention the cost of equipment, production, and editing. We would be grateful for your donations, suggestions, requests, and ideas. 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