Ep. 904 Vine & Prejudice Chapters 7 & 8 | Everybody Needs A Bit Of Scienza

Welcome to professoria Tiyoshenza's newest book translated and narrated by Richard Huff. This latest publication is part of the mama jumbo shrimp series. Entitled, mama jumbo shrimp Guide to Vine and Prejudice, fake science and the search for the perfect grape. This is a great way to get a sneak peek at the book before it hits the shelves, so listen in and let the geeky knowledge seep into your ears because we all need a little bit of shinsa. Chapter seven, the protopino, Agolizio Redict. The wild grapevines of the island of Ketch and the German Opera Rhine represent one of the largest remaining populations of Vitez Sylvestris in Western Europe, scientific studies have shown these vines to be genetically close to the basque wild vine populations, and similar to those of caucasia. The findings suggest that the Ketch population may be a relic of wild grapevines that survived from the last ice age. They may, in fact, be considered to be native European wild grapevines. Pino originated from these wild plants The results of a spontaneous cross breeding that took place about two thousand years ago when vines of asiatic origin were brought by the Greeks from the colony of Masalia. It is possible to find traces of this introgression in their DNA. The presence of an allele that codes for the proteins responsible for the synthesis of anthranilite derivatives in the ancestral pinos of Ketch Island is attributable to the genetic isolation of that small population that has survived since the glaciation. The promoter of the gene responsible for this trait was probably methylated by an epigenetic event that blocked its activation. Many genes are modulated in this way. And many corresponding traits depend on this process. This also explains why this strand of DNA was not passed on to the numerous pinot offspring. Chapter eight, American and European vines, a common history. In the scientific community, the common origin of the American and the European species of vine remains a divisive issue, classifications based on ampliographic and geographical characteristics, clearly differentiate between the species. Rather like comparisons made in the past between human races. The proof of these differences, according to the defenders of the purity of the European vine, is the presence of two metabolites in the berries. The ester of methyl and thranolite, which is responsible for the strawberry flavor, and malvadine three glucoside, which is particularly present in red grapes green and red wine. But can two chemical compounds in berries really be responsible for the differences between the American and the European vine? As a result of a double mutation, The gene net coach for the Malvidean is under expressed in Vitez vinifera, although it is present in its genome, and is related to a gene involved in the synthesis of the characteristic Foxy aroma of Vitez Labruzka. This colocalization means that in the hybrids of Vitez Labruzka, the foxy aroma is transferred together With those of synthesized anthocyanins, however, due to the effects of genetic mutations or recombination that occurred during evolution, the expression of these genes has over generations being profoundly changed in the European vine, which is why the Foxy aroma is no longer so apparent. This absence can be attributed to the genetic drift due the reduced number of individuals in the population or to the effect of the reduction of variability caused by endosukuri, the bottleneck, the biotic dispersal of seeds performed by birds who are attracted to plants, with large colorful berries, with high contents of sugars and other aromatic components, environmental conditions, for example, low temperatures during particular periods of the reproductive cycle may have also induced the expression of some otherwise silent genes. This interaction with the outside world is explained by epigenetics, the process of gene modification that does not alter the gene sequence. But is instead modified by mutations caused by the adaptation mechanism of the plant in response to environmental stimuli such as high radiation, water, and thermoshox, food shortages, etcetera. In relation to the advancement of varieties with particular phenotypic characteristics and in their subsequent multiplication humans can intervene through clonal selection and birds, in the case of wild plants, Through the choice of Betty that they feed on and disperse, on this basis, it is possible to understand why the chemical compound responsible for the Fooxy or strawberry aroma methyl anthranilite and the berries of European vines are present in much smaller quantities compared to the American vines derived from Vites LaBRusca. The component of the gene that contains the strawberry aroma This present in American grape varieties because of a genetic mutation that occurred over time. In that context, the distinctive flavors probably encourage the widespread dispersal of the seeds by certain animals who are attracted to the fruit by its pungent aroma. There may also be another factor linked to the role that these compounds may have in the defense of the plant from insects and or fungi, the presence of methyl and Thranilite in Vitez Labrusca and Vitez Ratun Difolia, and their relative absence in other grape species as a form of adaptation that has encouraged seed dispersal. These odors compounds may in fact have been produced by the vine to protect the berries from attacks by birds since the smell of the molecule reminiscent of Jasmine may also act as a repellent. At the same time, they could also function as an intractant for other animals. Including small rodents, due to their preference for seeds whose integuments are rich in tannins and need to be digested by gastric juices to germinate. On the other hand, in Europe, Since this evolutionary mechanism was less prevalent, the gene frequency responsible for the synthesis of these substances was lower. One of the most important aspects of the specificity of American species is the synthesis of anthocyanin glycosides, this specificity is transmitted by a dominant strain of DNA, which due to a double mutation is no longer found in Vethis vinifera. The gene in question is located on chromosome nine of the pinot noir genome and is related to the putative gene of an alcohol that is involved in the synthesis of the characteristic Foxy aroma of Vitez LaBRusca. This colocalization means that in Vitez LaBRuschka hybrids, the Fooxyaroma is transferred together with that of the synthesis of anthocyanide glycosides, but also that due to the effects of genetic mutations or recombinations, the expressions of these compounds can appear profoundly changed over generations. In the makeup of the Foxy aroma, there are at least three chemicals, methyl anthranilite, two AA AP, and furaninol, of which methyl anthranilite is the most important compound. Although associated with American species and their hybrids, MA has also been detected in pinot noir, along with esters of Antranonic and cyanic acids, and is the basis of the typical fruity nodes. Exotic fruit, dried plum, strawberries, berries, of burgundy and pinot noir. The levels of methyl anthrax detect between the grapes descended from Vitez LaBRusca can vary between twenty and thirty grams per liter. In red wines obtained from the vines of Vitez vinifera, the maximum detected is one hundred micrograms per liter, concentrations ranging from four point one to eight hundred and twenty three micrograms per liter for Furaneol, and from nine point five to three hundred and eighty micrograms per liter for methyl and thronolite have been detected. The detection limits in hydroalcoholic solutions of furaneol and methyl and thranolite are thirty seven micrograms per liter, and three micrograms per liter, respectively. For annual is the most abundant aromatic compound in the sensory profiles of Vitter's rotundifolia. And an important component of the characteristic aroma of Vitez LaBuschka. However, Furayaniol has also been identified in numerous cultivars of Vitez vinifera, such as Tempranillo, Grenash, and especially pinot noir. The concentrations are much lower than the Vitez rotundifolia and Vitez labrusca hybrids, but can still significantly exceed the detection threshold of five to thirty seven micrograms per liter. And contribute to the fruitiness of vitis vinifera wines, even at low concentrations, furan derivatives more common in vitis vinifera wines, such as furforal and sotolone are formed during fermentation and aging. Metho and tranilite forms the basis of the atypical aging off flavor in some wines obtained from Vutus vinifera. It is commonly recognized as giving the smell of wet wool furniture polish or mothballs. Listen to the Italian wine podcast wherever you get your podcasts. 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